Relative investment in egg load and poison sac in fig wasps: Implications for physiological mechanisms underlying seed and wasp production in figs |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, CT, USA;3. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China;4. Department of Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;5. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama;1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Caixa Postal 131, CEP 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco E, Asa Norte, CEP 770910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil;3. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Caixa Postal 131, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil;4. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Caixa Postal 131, CEP 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil;5. Laboratório de Macroecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, BR 364, Km 192, CEP 75801-615 Jataí, Goiás, Brazil;1. Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;3. Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) and Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China;4. School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;5. Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA;1. Department of Teacher Training and Biodiversity Studies, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;2. Medical University of Łódź, Sterlinga 1/3, 91-425 Łódź, Poland;1. Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS – Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;2. Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;3. Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA;4. Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000 Orléans, France;5. Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;6. Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insectos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;1. Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;2. Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;3. Laboratory of Agrozoology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Fig pollinating wasps and most non-pollinator wasps apply secretions from their poison sacs into oviposited flowers that appear necessary to the formation of the galls that their developing offspring consume. Thus, both eggs and poison sac secretions appear to be essential for wasp reproduction, but the relative investment in each is unknown. We measured relative investment in poison sac and egg production in pollinating and non-pollinating wasps associated with seven species of monoecious Panamanian figs representing both active and passive pollination syndromes. We then collected similar data for four fig hosts in China, where some wasp species in the genus Eupristina have lost the ability to pollinate (“cheaters”). All wasps examined possessed large poison sacs, and we found a strong positive correlation between poison sac size and absolute egg production. In the Panamanian species, the relative poison sac to egg investment was highest in the externally ovipositing non-pollinator wasps, followed by active pollinators, then by passive pollinators. Further, pollinator wasps of fig species with demonstrated host sanctions against “cheating” wasps showed higher investment in the poison sac than wasps of species without sanctions. In the Chinese samples, relative investment in the poison sac was indistinguishable between pollinators and “cheaters” associated with the same fig species. We suggest that higher relative investment in poison sac across fig wasp species reflects higher relative difficulty in initiating formation of galls and subsequently obtaining resources from the fig. We discuss the implications for the stability of the fig–wasp mutualism, and for the ability of non-pollinators to exploit this mutualism. |
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| Keywords: | Figs Pollinator wasps Parasitic wasps Poison sac Eggs Galls Reproductive investment Mutualism |
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