Evaluating the potential of buckwheat and cahaba vetch as nectar producing cover crops for enhancing biological control of Homalodisca vitripennis in California vineyards |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China;2. USDA-ARS Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China;3. Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;1. Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel;2. Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon, Israel;1. Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;2. School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, University Rd., Galway, Ireland;3. Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;1. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom;2. Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB United Kingdom;1. Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Fundecitrus, Araraquara, SP, Brazil;2. Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil;3. Fundação Coopercitrus Credicitrus, Bebedouro, SP, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) is a significant pest of grapevines in California due to vectoring Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and vetch (Vicia sativa L. cv. ‘cahaba white’) are potential nectar-producing cover crop plants in California vineyards that could enhance Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault, a parasitoid of H. vitripennis. Three aspects of these 2 plant species were evaluated. (1) Effect on parasitoid fitness: In the laboratory, buckwheat and vetch enhanced survival of G. ashmeadi by 9 and 6 days, respectively, compared to water. G. ashmeadi offspring production was 81% and 142% greater when females were provided vetch or buckwheat, respectively, compared to water. Buckwheat decreased G. ashmeadi female offspring by 19% compared to water and vetch. (2) Nectar production phenology in southern California: From April through September, buckwheat required only 23–32 days from sowing to nectar-producing flowers. Vetch required an additional 14–33 days to produce extrafloral nectar during June–August. The range in length of the nectar producing period between August 2007 and November 2007 was 41–52 days and 163–164 days for buckwheat and vetch, respectively. (3) X. fastidiosa Wells et al. host testing and H. vitripennis transmission studies: Needle inoculation of cover crop plants showed that X. fastidiosa successfully infected and replicated in buckwheat, vetch, sweet alyssum Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.] and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), plants that were assessed here or elsewhere as nectar producing cover crops for use in vineyards. H. vitripennis successfully transmitted X. fastidiosa between buckwheat and grapevine in the greenhouse and field. H. vitripennis successfully transmitted X. fastidiosa from grapevine to vetch in the field, while transmission studies investigating movement from vetch to grapevine in the greenhouse were inconclusive. |
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| Keywords: | Extrafloral nectar Fecundity Host testing Longevity Mymaridae Plant phenology Transmission |
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