The parasitic and lethal effects of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against Heterodera avenae |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;2. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada;3. Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystems, the Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730070, China;4. Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China;5. Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystems Sustainability, Lanzhou 730070, China;6. Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China;1. Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, 222 Moo 2, Ban Phrao Sub-District, Pa Payom District, Phattalung, 93110, Thailand;2. Science Program in Plant Pathology, Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand;3. Department of Pest Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand;4. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan;5. Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan;6. Pest Management Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand;1. UCA, INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;2. National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia (INAT), Sylvo-Pastoral Laboratory of Tabarka, Tunisia;3. Institut de l’Olivier, LR: Amélioration et Protection des Ressources Génétiques de l’Olivier-Université de Sfax, Tunisia;4. National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia (INAT), Crop Improvement Laboratory, INRAT, Tunisia;5. UCA, INRA, UMR 1095 Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;6. CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;7. Université d’Orléans, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, INRA-USC1328, F-45067 Orléans, France;1. School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China;2. The State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China;1. Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349 Arak, Iran;2. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran;3. Department of Soil Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran;4. Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department of Agrobiotechnolgy, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria;5. School of Agriculture and Environment M087, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;1. Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Tokat, Turkey;2. Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Aydin, Turkey;3. Inonu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Battalgazi, Malatya, Turkey;4. University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Moscow, ID, USA |
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| Abstract: | Heterodera avenae is a devastating plant pathogen that causes significant yield losses in many crops, but there is a lack of scientific information whether this pathogen can be controlled effectively using biocontrol agents. Here we determined the parasitic and lethal effects of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against H. avenae and the possible mechanism involved in this action. Both in vitro and greenhouse experiments were conducted. In vitro, T. longibrachiatum at the concentrations of 1.5 × 104 to 1.5 × 108 spores per ml had a strong parasitic and lethal effect on the cysts of H. avenae, with the concentration of 1.5 × 108 spores per ml having >90% parasitism 18 days after treatments. In greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum inoculation decreased H. avenae infection in wheat (Triticum aestivum) significantly. Observations with microscopes revealed that after mutual recognition with cysts, the spore of T. longibrachiatum germinated with a large number of hyphae, and reproduced rapidly on the surface of cysts. Meanwhile, the cysts surface became uneven, with some cysts producing vacuoles, and the others splitting. Finally the cysts were dissolved by the metabolite of T. longibrachiatum. Chitinase activity increased in the culture filtrates of T. longibrachiatum and reached the maximum 4 days after inoculation in the medium supplemented with colloidal chitin (1.02 U/min per ml) and nematode cysts (0.78 U/min per ml). The parasitism and inhibition of cysts through the increased extracellular chitinase activity serves as the main mechanism with which T. longibrachiatum against H. avenae. In conclusion, T. longibrachiatum has a great potential to be used as a biocontrol agent against H. avenae. |
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| Keywords: | Parasitic and lethal effects Biological control |
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