The role of cytokinins in shoot organogenesis in apple |
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Authors: | Katalin Magyar-Tábori Judit Dobránszki Jaime A Teixeira da Silva Sean M Bulley Ildikó Hudák |
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Institution: | 1.Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, Research and Innovation Centre, Centre of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering,University of Debrecen,Nyíregyháza,Hungary;2.Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Agriculture,Kagawa University,Kagawa-ken,Japan;3.The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited,Auckland,New Zealand |
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Abstract: | Effective regeneration in vitro is a necessary precondition for the implementation of different biotechnological approaches
in plant breeding. Numerous studies have reported on regeneration from apple somatic tissues, and organogenesis has been proved
to be influenced by several factors including mother shoots (genotype, size, type, and age of explant), in vitro conditions
(dark period, light intensity, and quality), and others (wounding, orientation of leaf explants). However, one of the most
important factors before and during the regeneration process is the type and concentration of cytokinin applied. Thidiazuron
and benzyladenine are the most frequently used cytokinins in the regeneration systems, but their efficiency depends on genotype
and other factors. Other cytokinins (e.g., zeatin and kinetin) have also been tested in several experiments and they were
found in general to be less active. The organogenic ability of explants can also be increased by a properly selected cytokinin
pre-treatment. Cytokinins applied in the pre-treatments can influence the leaf structure, which in turn can alter the regeneration
capacity of the leaf explant. Interactions between factors of pre-treatments (hormones, light, and culture conditions) and
factors of the regeneration phase should be considered. This review brings into focus the role of different cytokinins during
in vitro shoot development, discussing their effects on the histology of leaves developed in vitro, and how this affects the
subsequent regeneration process. |
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