Natural hybridization,introgression breeding,and cultivar improvement in the genus Actinidia

China is the original home of kiwifruit which are derived from the species complex Actinidia chinensis. A short domestication history of a little more than 100 years characterizes kiwifruit as a unique fruit crop whose cultivar improvement is heavily dependent on exploitation and selection of wild resources. Actinidia species are widespread geographically; their distributions often overlap, and hybridization between taxa is common naturally. Actinidia species that vary in ploidy and complex mixtures of cytotypes are prevalent in natural populations. Here, we review the recent emerging knowledge of natural distribution, biogeography, and population genetics in Actinidia with a particular focus on the pattern of overlapping distribution and natural hybridization among Actinidia species. Based on the comparison of the original geographical localities where most kiwifruit commercial cultivars were selected and the whole geographical range of the species complex A. chinensis, we propose that introgression breeding for new selections and cultivars of kiwifruit should utilize targeted exploration in natural hybrid zones as well as the genomic tools and related genetic resources that are becoming available to an unprecedented extent.