The mitochondrial genomes of Amphiascoides atopus and Schizopera knabeni (Harpacticoida: Miraciidae) reveal similarities between the copepod orders Harpacticoida and Poecilostomatoida |
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Authors: | Erin E. Easton Emily M. Darrow Trisha Spears David Thistle |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4320, USA;2. Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA |
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Abstract: | Members of subclass Copepoda are abundant, diverse, and—as a result of their variety of ecological roles in marine and freshwater environments—important, but their phylogenetic interrelationships are unclear. Recent studies of arthropods have used gene arrangements in the mitochondrial (mt) genome to infer phylogenies, but for copepods, only seven complete mt genomes have been published. These data revealed several within-order and few among-order similarities. To increase the data available for comparisons, we sequenced the complete mt genome (13,831 base pairs) of Amphiascoides atopus and 10,649 base pairs of the mt genome of Schizopera knabeni (both in the family Miraciidae of the order Harpacticoida). Comparison of our data to those for Tigriopus japonicus (family Harpacticidae, order Harpacticoida) revealed similarities in gene arrangement among these three species that were consistent with those found within and among families of other copepod orders. Comparison of the mt genomes of our species with those known from other copepod orders revealed the arrangement of mt genes of our Harpacticoida species to be more similar to that of Sinergasilus polycolpus (order Poecilostomatoida) than to that of T. japonicus. The similarities between S. polycolpus and our species are the first to be noted across the boundaries of copepod orders and support the possibility that mt-gene arrangement might be used to infer copepod phylogenies. We also found that our two species had extremely truncated transfer RNAs and that gene overlaps occurred much more frequently than has been reported for other copepod mt genomes. |
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Keywords: | 12S, mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal RNA 16S, mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal RNA A, adenosine A, alanine ATP6, mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6 ATP8, mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 8 bp, base pair C, cytidine C, cysteine COI, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I COII, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II COIII, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase III cytb, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b D, aspartate DHU, dibydrouracil E, glutamate F, phenylalanine G, guanosine G, glycine H, histidine I, isoleucine K, lysine L1, leucine 1 L2, leucine 2 M, methionine mt, mitochondrial N, any base (A, C, G, or T) N, asparagine NC, noncoding ND1, mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 ND2, mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 2 ND3, mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 3 ND4, mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 4 ND4L, mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 4 L ND5, mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 ND6, mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 6 P, proline PCG, protein-coding gene PCR, polymerase chain reaction Q, glutamine R, any purine (A or G) R, arginine rRNA, ribosomal RNA S1, serine 1 S2, serine 2 T, thymidine T, threonine tRNA, transfer RNA TΨC, T-pseudouridine-C U, uracil V, valine W, tryptophan Y, tyrosine |
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