Effect of intermittency factor on singlet oxygen and PGE2 formation in azulene-mediated photodynamic therapy: A preliminary study |
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| Authors: | Teerasak Damrongrungruang Sujaree Phiphitaporn Nuttakul Salacheep Chonlada Sritragool Aroon Teerakapong Kittipitch Meesawat Anan Kruesubthaworn Chaiyapong Ruangsuwan Wilawan Weera-archakul |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand;2. Research and Academic Services, Khon Kaen University, Thailand;3. Laser in Dentistry Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Thailand;4. Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Thailand;5. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand;6. Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand;7. Division of Dental Public Health, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand |
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| Abstract: | In photodynamic therapy, intermittent irradiation modes that incorporate an interval between pulses are believed to decrease the effect of hypoxia by permitting an interval of re-oxygenation. The effect of the irradiation intermittency factor (the ratio of the irradiation pulse time to the total irradiation time) on singlet oxygen formation and inflammatory cytokine production was examined using azulene as a photosensitizer. Effects of difference intermittency factor on singlet oxygen formation and inflammatory cytokine were examined. Azulene solutions (1/10 μM) were irradiated with a 638-nm 500 mW diode laser in fractionation (intermittency factor of 5 or 9) or continuous mode using 50 mW/cm2 at 4 or 8 J/cm2. Singlet oxygen measurement was performed using a dimethyl anthracene probe. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated by 10 ng/ml rhTNF-α for 6 h, before addition of 1 and 10 μM azulene solutions and irradiation. PGE2 measurement was undertaken using a human PGE2 ELISA kit. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn Bonferroni test was used for statistical analyses at p < 0.05.Irradiation of 1 μM azulene+4 J/cm2+intermittency factor of 9 increased singlet oxygen 3-fold (p < 0.0001). Irradiation of 10 μM azulene at either 4 J/cm2+intermittency of 9 or 8 J/cm2+intermittency factor of 5 reduced PGE2 expression in PBMCs to non-inflamed levels. Thus, at 50 mW/cm2, 10 μM azulene-mediated photodynamic therapy with a high intermittency factor and a low energy density generated sufficient singlet oxygen to suppress PGE2 in Inflamed PBMCs. |
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| Keywords: | Azulene Inflammation Intermittency factor Photodynamic therapy Pulse mode Singlet oxygen |
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