Mouthparts of heliconius butterflies (LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPHALIDAE) : a search for anatomical adaptations to pollen-feeding behavior |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraie 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;2. Department of Zoology, University Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China;1. Outpatient Healthcare Clinic Medyk in M?ynary, Poland;2. Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania;1. Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, United States;2. Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States;3. Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan;4. School of Neuroscience Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States;1. Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Dpto. de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;2. BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0402, USA;1. Institute of Biodiversity – Network (ibn), Drei-Kronen-Gasse 2, 93047 Regensburg, Germany;2. Ecossa (Ecological Sediment and Soil Assessment), Giselastr. 6, 82319 Starnberg, Germany;3. RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany;4. Institute of Applied Biotechnology in the Tropics at the University of Göttingen, Marie-Curie-Str. 7, 37079 Göttingen, Germany;5. Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany;6. University of Bielefeld, Animal Ecology, Konsequenz 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Proboscis length, the length of the tip, the number and length of the various sensilla throughout the proboscis, and the size and shape of the labial palpi were compared in 25 species of pollen-feeding and non-pollen-feeding Heliconiinae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). The mouthparts of pollen-feeding species (all belonging to the genera Heliconius and Laparus) do not have structures exclusive to them. However, in comparison with non-pollen-feeding Heliconiiti, the pollen-feeding species have a significantly longer proboscis without elongation of the tip-region ; the bristle-shaped sensilla trichodea were found to be significantly more numerous and longer on the proximal and mid-region of the proboscis, while the sensilla of the tip-region are significantly shorter. In addition to these proboscis features, the labial palpi were shorter in the pollen-feeding species, which is likewise possibly associated with pollen-feeding behavior. The biological role of these features is discussed and the evolution of this unique feeding behavior among Lepidoptera is considered in the context of the phylogenetic relationships among genera of Heliconiini. |
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