State-dependent parental care in the Antarctic petrel: responses to manipulated chick age during early chick rearing

Life histories are state-dependent, and an individual's reproductive decisions are determined by its available resources and the needs of its offspring. Here we test how a chick's needs for food and protection influence parental decisions in the Antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica , where the parents, due to their long breeding lifespan, are expected to give priority to their own needs before those of the young. We exchanged one-day-old chicks with four-day-old chicks and studied how the parents subsequently provided care to the chick. The duration of the guarding period was adjusted, and parents left older chicks earlier and younger chicks later compared to controls. Three mechanisms were responsible for the adjustments. 1) Parents with an older chick co-ordinated fewer guarding spells whereas parents with a younger chick co-ordinated more guarding spells. 2) At the last guarding spell, i.e. where a parent left the chick alone before the partner returned, less time was spent with older chicks, and more time with younger chicks. 3) Foraging trip duration was shortened by parents given older chicks and prolonged by parents given younger chicks, probably in response to the chick's food demand. Hence, the parents responded quickly to the altered needs of the chick. Parents with high body mass guarded longer and were better able to co-ordinate the guarding spells compared to lighter parents. In conclusion, Antarctic petrels adjust reproductive decisions to their own, their mate's, and their chick's state, and they seem to respond to the chick's needs for both food and protection.