Virulence profile and clonal relationship among the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio cholerae</Emphasis> isolates from ground and surface water in a cholera endemic area during rainy season

All the V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolates from ground and surface water samples collected during the rainy season (rainfall contributes significantly in the spread of cholera) contained ompW and a regulatory toxR gene, while many others possessed accessory cholera toxin (ace), hemolysin (hlyA) and outer membrane protein (ompU) genes. All the isolates lacked ctxAB, tcp, zot, rfbO1 and rfbO139 genes. The strains could be grouped into two main clusters colligating the isolates from ground water and surface water samples. The results suggest that surface water harbors various virulent V. cholerae strains that contaminate the ground water due to rain or poor hygienic practices, and result in the emergence of new toxigenic strains for cholera.