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Antler development and coupled osteoporosis in the skeleton of red deer Cervus elaphus: expression dynamics for regulatory and effector genes
Authors:Viktor Stéger  Andrea Molnár  Adrienn Borsy  István Gyurján  Zoltán Szabolcsi  Gábor Dancs  János Molnár  Péter Papp  János Nagy  László Puskás  Endre Barta  Zoltán Zomborszky  Péter Horn  János Podani  Szabolcs Semsey  Péter Lakatos  László Orosz
Institution:1. Department of Genetics, E?tv?s Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
2. Institute of Genetics, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Szent-Gy?rgyi Albert u. 4, 2100, G?d?ll?, Hungary
9. Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
10. Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, 6701, Szeged, Hungary
6. BIOMI Ltd., Szent-Gy?rgyi Albert u. 4, 2100, G?d?ll?, Hungary
3. Department of Fish and Pet Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Kaposvár, Guba Sándor u. 40, 7400, Kaposvár, Hungary
4. Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701, Szeged, Hungary
8. Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary
7. Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, E?tv?s Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
5. 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
Abstract:Antlers of deer display the fastest and most robust bone development in the animal kingdom. Deposition of the minerals in the cartilage preceding ossification is a specific feature of the developing antler. We have cloned 28 genes which are upregulated in the cartilaginous section (called mineralized cartilage) of the developing (“velvet”) antler of red deer stags, compared to their levels in the fetal cartilage. Fifteen of these genes were further characterized by their expression pattern along the tissue zones (i.e., antler mesenchyme, precartilage, cartilage, bone), and by in situ hybridization of the gene activities at the cellular level. Expression dynamics of genes col1A1, col1A2, col3A1, ibsp, mgp, sparc, runx2, and osteocalcin were monitored and compared in the ossified part of the velvet antler and in the skeleton (in ribs and vertebrae). Expression levels of these genes in the ossified part of the velvet antler exceeded the skeletal levels 10–30-fold or more. Gene expression and comparative sequence analyses of cDNAs and the cognate 5′ cis-regulatory regions in deer, cattle, and human suggested that the genes runx2 and osx have a master regulatory role. GC–MS metabolite analyses of glucose, phosphate, ethanolamine-phosphate, and hydroxyproline utilizations confirmed the high activity of mineralization genes in governing the flow of the minerals from the skeleton to the antler bone. Gene expression patterns and quantitative metabolite data for the robust bone development in the antler are discussed in an integrated manner. We also discuss the potential implication of our findings on the deer genes in human osteoporosis research.
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