Design,syntheses, and characterization of piperazine based chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonists as anti prostate cancer agents

Chemokine receptor CCR5 plays an important role in the pro-inflammatory environment that aids in the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Previously, a series of CCR5 antagonists containing a piperidine ring core skeleton were designed based upon the proposed CCR5 antagonist pharmacophore from molecular modeling studies. The developed CCR5 antagonists were able to antagonize CCR5 at a micromolar level and inhibit the proliferation of metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. In order to further explore the structure–activity-relationship of the pharmacophore identified, the molecular scaffold was expanded to contain a piperazine ring as the core. A number of compounds that were synthesized showed promising anti prostate cancer activity and reasonable cytotoxicity profiles based on the biological characterization.