Effects of acute or chronic opioid agonists and their modulation by diurnal rhythmicity and satiety states on food intake in rats.

The effects of acute or chronic treatment with mu and k opioid agonists were investigated on food intake during light (0-6 hr) and dark (6-24 hr) phases in free fed and fasted rats. In free fed rats, morphine (MOR, 5 mg/kg, ip), a mu-agonist, induced a hyperphagic response during both light and dark phases, whereas ketocyclazocine (KCZ, 1 mg/kg, ip), a k-agonist, enhanced food intake only during the light phase. Chronic MOR (x 7 days) produced a further enhancement of hyperphagia in the light phase and attenuated the dark phase response. Chronic KCZ, however, had opposite effects, i.e. tolerance to light phase hyperphagia and an enhancement in the dark phase response. In fasted rats, neither MOR nor KCZ appreciably enhanced food intake after acute administration but chronic treatment potentiated the acute opioid effects. These results are discussed in light of the role of diurnal rhythmicity, satiety states and receptor (mu and k) specificity/interactions in the opioidergic regulation of food intake.