Element concentrations in boreal,coniferous forest humus layers in relation to moss chemistry and soil factors

Concentrations of 15 elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S and Zn) in the current annual growth increments of the ectohydric feather moss, Hylocomium splendens, were compared with those in the humus layer (Of+Oh) of coniferous forests at 353 sites throughout Finland. Moss concentrations in the moss increments were considered measures of atmospheric deposition of these elements. Concentrations in both moss and humus layer samples were negatively correlated with latitude, except Mn (moss) and Cr and Ni (humus layer), indicating a direct effect of deposition. Spearman correlations between concentrations in moss and humus layer samples were significant (P<0.05) for all elements; that for Pb concentrations was the highest (r_s=0.60) while those for the other elements were ≤0.48. Using thickness and organic matter content of the humus layer, clay content of the mineral soil (5–20 cm layer) and the concentration in the moss explained between 8% (Cd) and 44% (Cr, Mg) of the variation in the concentrations in the humus layer samples. It was concluded that, for most elements, concentration in the humus layer are a poor indicator of current atmospheric deposition levels, at least in relatively unpolluted regions such as Finland.