Estimated Ultraviolet Radiation Doses in Wetlands in Six National Parks |
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| Authors: | Stephen A. Diamond Peter C. Trenham Michael J. Adams Blake R. Hossack Roland A. Knapp Stacey L. Stark David Bradford P. Stephen Corn Ken Czarnowski Paul D. Brooks Dan Fagre Bob Breen Naomi E. Detenbeck Kathy Tonnessen |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA;(2) Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;(3) Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA;(4) Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute U.S. Geological Survey, Missoula, Montana 59807, USA;(5) Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, University of California, Crowley Lake, California 93546, USA;(6) Department of Geography, University of Minnesota–Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA;(7) Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA National Exposoic Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478, USA;(8) Rocky Mountain National Park, National Park Service, Este Park, Colorado 80517, USA;(9) Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 84716, USA;(10) Glacier Field Station, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey, West Glacier, Montana 59936, USA;(11) Acadia National Park, National Park Service, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA;(12) Rocky Mountains Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit, National Park Service and (CESU), School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA |
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| Abstract: | Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320-nm wavelengths) doses were estimated for 1024 wetlands in six national parks: Acadia (Acadia), Glacier (Glacier), Great Smoky Mountains (Smoky), Olympic (Olympic), Rocky Mountain (Rocky), and Sequoia/Kings Canyon (Sequoia). Estimates were made using ground-based UV-B data (Brewer spectrophotometers), solar radiation models, GIS tools, field characterization of vegetative features, and quantification of DOC concentration and spectral absorbance. UV-B dose estimates were made for the summer solstice, at a depth of 1 cm in each wetland. The mean dose across all wetlands and parks was 19.3 W-h m−2 (range of 3.4–32.1 W-h m−2). The mean dose was lowest in Acadia (13.7 W-h m−2) and highest in Rocky (24.4 W-h m−2). Doses were significantly different among all parks. These wetland doses correspond to UV-B flux of 125.0 μW cm−2 (range 21.4–194.7 μW cm−2) based on a day length, averaged among all parks, of 15.5 h. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a key determinant of water-column UV-B flux, ranged from 0.6 (analytical detection limit) to 36.7 mg C L−1 over all wetlands and parks, and reduced potential maximal UV-B doses at 1-cm depth by 1%–87 %. DOC concentration, as well as its effect on dose, was lowest in Sequoia and highest in Acadia (DOC was equivalent in Acadia, Glacier, and Rocky). Landscape reduction of potential maximal UV-B doses ranged from zero to 77% and was lowest in Sequoia. These regional differences in UV-B wetland dose illustrate the importance of considering all aspects of exposure in evaluating the potential impact of UV-B on aquatic organisms. |
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| Keywords: | ultraviolet radiation DOC UV-B amphibians national parks |
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