Evolutionary history of the genus Listeria and its virulence genes |
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| Authors: | Schmid Michael W Ng Eva Y W Lampidis Robert Emmerth Melanie Walcher Marion Kreft Jürgen Goebel Werner Wagner Michael Schleifer Karl-Heinz |
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| Institution: | 1. Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85350 Freising, Germany;2. GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut für Bodenökologie, Abteilung Rhizosphärenbiologie, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany;3. Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany;4. Institut für Ökologie und Naturschutz, Abteilung Mikrobielle Ökologie, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria;1. Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85350 Freising, Germany;2. GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut für Bodenökologie, Abteilung Rhizosphärenbiologie, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany;3. Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany;4. Institut für Ökologie und Naturschutz, Abteilung Mikrobielle Ökologie, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria;1. Infectious Diseases, Clinical Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Clinical Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain;2. Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain;3. Microbiology Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain;1. Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;2. College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China;3. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA;4. Shanghai Municipal Ke-Ma-Jia Technology Center for Microbiology, Shanghai, China;5. The Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China;6. Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China |
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| Abstract: | The genus Listeria contains the two pathogenic species Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii and the four apparently apathogenic species Listeria innocua, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria welshimeri, and Listeria grayi. Pathogenicity of the former two species is enabled by an approximately 9 kb virulence gene cluster which is also present in a modified form in L. seeligeri. For all Listeria species, the sequence of the virulence gene cluster locus and its flanking regions was either determined in this study or assembled from public databases. Furthermore, some virulence-associated internalin loci were compared among the six species. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on a data set containing the sequences of prs, ldh, vclA, and vclB (all directly flanking the virulence gene cluster), as well as the iap gene and the 16S and 23S-rRNA coding genes which are located at different sites in the listerial chromosomes. L. grayi represents the deepest branch within the genus. The remaining five species form two groupings which have a high bootstrap support and which are consistently found by using different treeing methods. One lineage represents L. monocytogenes and L. innocua, while the other contains L. welshimeri, L. ivanovii and L. seeligeri, with L. welshimeri forming the deepest branch. Based on this perception, we tried to reconstruct the evolution of the virulence gene cluster. Since no traces of lateral gene transfer events could be detected the most parsimonious scenario is that the virulence gene cluster was present in the common ancestor of L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri and L. welshimeri and that the pathogenic capability has been lost in two separate events represented by L. innocua and L. welshimeri. This hypothesis is also supported by the location of the putative deletion breakpoints of the virulence gene cluster within L. innocua and L. welshimeri. |
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