Feeding and survival of Culicoides sonorensis on cattle treated with permethrin or pirimiphos-methyl

The persistence of permethrin (5% a.i.) and pirimiphos-methyl (27% a.i.), applied to the dorsum of calves in the field against Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), was estimated using a hair-blood-feeding bioassay in the laboratory. Hair clippings were taken before treatment and 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 days after treatment from the dorsum, side and belly of treated and control calves. Laboratory-reared insects were allowed to feed through thin hair layers and a parafilm membrane on sheep blood warmed using a water-jacketed feeder. Some intoxication after exposure to hair was noted up to 28 days after treatment with permethrin and up to 14 days after treatment with pirimiphos-methyl. Hair from the dorsum caused more intoxication for a longer period than hair from other body regions. Permethrin and pirimiphos-methyl applied to the back did not significantly reduce overall engorgement (body regions pooled) after treatment. Permethrin residues on hair remained far higher on the back than other body regions and were related to insect intoxication and reduction in engorgement in the laboratory. Residues on belly hair never exceeded 12p.p.m. and did not result in significantly reduced feeding at any time. Engorged insects that exhibited sublethal intoxication from feeding through permethrin-treated hair did recover and matured numbers of eggs comparable to controls. Field trials using treated and control calves and enclosure nets showed that dorsal applications of 5% permethrin were not effective in reducing engorgement, despite some intoxication. Vacuum samples from a calf showed that C. sonorensis fed primarily on the belly. A 0.2% permethrin application on the belly (250 ml) did result in > 80% reduction of C. sonorensis in the enclosure nets at 3 and 7 days after treatment, but activity had subsided by 10 days after treatment. The utility of insecticidal treatments for suppression of this vector is discussed.