Necator americanus: temperature, pH, light, and larval development, longevity, and desiccation tolerance |
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| Authors: | J K Udonsi G Atata |
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| Institution: | 1. Ookusa Animal Clinic, Ookusa 503, Matsue, Shimane 690-0032, Japan;2. Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA;3. Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA;4. Division of Pathobiological Analysis, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan;1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;2. Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;3. C.M.D. Costruzioni Motori Diesel S.p.A., Via Pacinotti, 2, 81020 San Nicola La Strada, CE, Italy;4. Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano SA, Italy;5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus de Nayer, KU Leuven, Belgium;1. Ookusa Animal Clinic, Ookusa 503, Matsue, Shimane 690-0032, Japan;2. Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA;3. Department of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA;4. Division of Pathobiological Analysis, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan;1. Ookusa Animal Clinic, Ookusa 503, Matsue, Shimane 690-0032, Japan;2. Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA;3. Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA;4. Division of Pathobiological Analysis, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan;1. Ookusa Animal Clinic, Ookusa 503, Matsue, Shimane 690-0032, Japan;2. Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA;3. Department of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA;4. Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan;1. Policy Cures Research, Sydney, Australia;2. National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor, TX, USA;3. Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires, Argentina;4. Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;5. Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK;6. The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia;7. Public Health Informatics, Computational, and Operations Research, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA;8. European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), The Hague, The Netherlands;9. Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA |
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| Abstract: | The effect of incubation temperature and pH on the hatch rate of eggs of Necator americanus, and the desiccation tolerance of the resulting infective stage-3 larvae were investigated in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Hatching did not occur below 15 C and above 35 C. A 21% hatch rate was obtained at 15 C while a 10.6% hatch rate was obtained at 35 C. The highest hatch rate (93.7%) was obtained at 30 C. The optimum pH for hatching was 6.0, but the larvae did not reach the infective stage. Incubation temperature of the eggs affected the longevity and desiccation tolerance of resultant infective larvae. Larvae hatched at 30 C and maintained at 26 C under bright fluorescent light had a 50% survival time (S50) of 4 days. In the dark or shade, the S50 for larvae raised at 30 C was 5 weeks, while that of larvae hatched at 20 C was 7 weeks. Incubation temperature also affected the desiccation tolerance of larvae. Larvae developed at 20 C were more resistant to desiccation at various relative humidity values than larvae hatched at 30 C. |
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