Beyond facial width-to-height ratios: bizygomatic width is highly sexually dimorphic when adjusting for allometry

A large and ever-growing literature implicates male facial width-to-height ratio (bizygomatic width divided by facial height) as a secondary sexual trait linked to numerous physical and psychological perceptions. However, this research is based entirely on the premise that bizygomatic width is sexually dimorphic, which recent research has called into question. Unfortunately, statisticians for the last 125 years have noted that morphological ratio measurements may engender spurious correlations and biased effect-size estimates. In the current study, we find that bizygomatic width is highly sexually dimorphic (equivalent d = 1.39), even after adjusting for 92 allometric measurements, including multiple facial height and other craniofacial measurements (equivalent d = 1.07) in a sample of 6068 men and women. By contrast, facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) measurements demonstrated a statistical pattern consistent with the age-old argument that morphological ratio measurements may engender spurious correlations and biased effect-size estimates. Thus, when avoiding facial ratio measurements and adjusting for allometry in craniofacial measures, we found strong support for a key premise in the human evolutionary and behavioural sciences that bizygomatic width exhibits male-biased sexual dimorphism.