不同种植方式对花生田间小气候效应和产量的影响

在大田高产条件下,研究了同一密度下不同种植方式对花生田间小气候效应及产量的影响.结果表明:增大行距和采用大小行种植方式有利于增加田间透光率,提高冠层空气温度与地表温度,降低田间相对湿度,提高田间CO2浓度,提高群体光合速率,进而增加荚果产量.但是行距过大,导致各种环境资源的浪费.采用大行距55cm小行距35cm的大小行种植方式是比较合理的种植方式.

Influence of different planting patterns on field microclimate effect and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a high-value legume crop that has been grown successfully in China for many years. China leads in production of peanuts, having a share of about 41.5% of overall world production, followed by India (18.2%) and the United States of America (6.8%). Large scale production of peanut is concentrated in the major geographic areas of the China: Shandong, Henan and Hebei Province. Higher yields could be in store for peanut farmers, thanks to a new planting pattern designed by researchers, because spacing the plants in a uniform, staggered manner also promotes thicker, faster-spreading canopies that help keep the soil bed cool, moist and better protected from erosion, and moreover, improved weed control is another benefit. However, the actual optimum for any peanut will vary with variety, climate, soil, weed pressure, and equipment in use and will need to be adapted for each farm through observation and experiment. To address this issue, the influence of different planting patterns under a same density with 275, 000 plants/ha on field microclimate effect and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogea L. cv. Huayu 22) were studied through a range of different row configurations under a high-yielding field experiment in Shandong Province. The results showed that: widening row spacing and wide-narrow row planting pattern were both beneficial to increase the field light transmittance, improve the canopy air temperature and soil surface temperature, decrease the field relative humidity, improve the field CO₂ concentration, raise the canopy apparent photosynthesis rate, and then increase pod yield. However, too large row spacing would results in the waste of field environmental resources, which will lead to a waste of the area and of solar energy. Higher production was obtained with the same plant density but arranged in wide-narrow rows compared to the other method of planting. Thus, it suggested that the optimum planting pattern was the wide-narrow (55-35cm) row spacing in the field cultivation. The information obtained in this study enabled important new insights into underlying mechanisms of row spacing-induced competition effects under a same population density on peanut growth and development. In practice, many considerations go into selecting row spacing, for instance, planting the seed in twin rows rather than single rows increases the distance between the crowns of the peanut plants and delays the spread of white mold from plant to plant. It should be useful for improving crop models' ability to predict crop response to row spacing more accurately and in a more functional manner. However, there are many factors that can be altered in peanut production which can cut costs, but the grower assumes certain risks depending on which and how many variables are changed. The improved understanding could highlight avenues for effective crop improvement (e.g. ideal canopy development sub-traits) and crop management (e.g. diseases, weed and water management).