Modeling the effects of El Niño, density-dependence, and disturbance on harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) counts in Drakes Estero, California: 1997–2007 |
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Authors: | Benjamin H.,Becker David T.,Press &dagger Sarah G.,Allen &Dagger |
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Affiliation: | Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center, Point Reyes National Seashore, 1 Bear Valley Road, Point Reyes Station, California 94956, U.S.A. E-mail:; Inventory and Monitoring Program, Point Reyes National Seashore, 1 Bear Valley Road, Point Reyes Station, California 94956, U.S.A.; Point Reyes National Seashore, 1 Bear Valley Road, Point Reyes Station, California 94956, U.S.A. |
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Abstract: | Harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina ) haul-out site use may be affected by natural or anthropogenic factors. Here, we use an 11-yr (1997–2007) study of a seal colony located near a mariculture operation in Drakes Estero, California, to test for natural (El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), density-dependence, long-term trends) and anthropogenic (disturbance or displacement related to oyster production activities) factors that may influence the use of haul-out subsites. Annual mariculture related seal disturbance rates increased significantly with increases in oyster harvest ( r s= 0.55). Using generalized linear models (GLMs) ranked by best fit and Akaike's Information Criteria, ENSO and oyster production (as a proxy for disturbance/displacement) best explained the patterns of seal use at all three subsites near the mariculture operations, with effects being stronger at the two subsites closest to operations. Conversely, density-dependence and linear trend effects poorly explained the counts at these subsites. We conclude that a combination of ENSO and mariculture activities best explain the patterns of seal haul-out use during the breeding/pupping season at the seal haul-out sites closest to oyster activities. |
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Keywords: | information-theoretic AIC Phoca vitulina harbor seal disturbance Point Reyes Drakes Estero El Niño density-dependence mariculture |
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