从细胞内共生到多尺度共生：回顾与展望

基于共生概念的历史变化,目前人们普遍接受了广义共生概念。即共生是包含互利共生（mutualism）、偏利共生（commensalism）和拮抗/寄生（antagonism/parasitism）的共生连续体。本文简述了近20年间,全球9次国际共生学术大会取得的重要成果,对细胞内共生、时间、空间以及多种互作尺度共生关系的研究利用进展进行了评述。同时展望了一些活跃共生领域的研究概况,如共生失调 （dysbiosis）、植物-微生物-昆虫三角共生关系（plant-microbe-insect triangle）、细菌-真菌互作（bacterial- fungal interaction,BFI）、菌根菌-真菌内生细菌-植物多方共生联盟（multipartite symbiosis consortium）以及与共生相关微生物组的集合群落（metacommunity）研究及应用等。共生（symbiosis）正成为当代生物学的核心原则,正以一种与更宏大系统方法相一致的概念,从根本上改变了传统上的一些生物学概念,如孤立性的个体（individuality）概念。基因组测序和高通量RNA技术分析揭示,动、植物与共生微生物的重要互作,打破了迄今为止生物个体的特征边界,挑战了这些学科的定义;共生不仅是一对一的互利共生关系,共生实际是多种共生模式的连续共生体。此外,植物-昆虫-微生物互作的三角关系;菌根-真菌-真菌内生细菌-植物的多方联盟等新关系的发现,更把生命科学推向了快速发展的方向。这些科学进展不仅对生物科学的遗传学、免疫学、进化、发育、解剖学和生理学的研究至关重要,拓宽了新的视野,而且对农业中生物制剂研发,人类微生物组的管理及调控,以及对发酵食品及工业微生物生产的设计和管理将产生积极影响。

From intracellular symbiosis to multiscale symbiosis: review and prospect

Based on the historical changes of the concept of symbiosis, this paper introduces the commonly accepted concept of symbiosis in sense lato. Symbiosis is a symbiotic continuum that includes mutualism, commensalism, and antagonism/parasitism. This paper briefly describes the important achievements of nine times International Symbiosis Society Congress in the past 20 years. Advances in the study and utilization of cellular endosymbiosis, and time, space as well as multiple interaction scale symbiosis are reviewed. In addition, we outline research in some active fields of symbiosis, such as dysbiosis, insect-microbe-insect triangle, the bacterial-fungal interactions (BFI), mycorrhizal fungi-endofungal bacteria (or endobacteria)-plant multipartite symbiosis, as well as metacommunity study and application of the symbiosis-related microbiome. Symbiosis has become the core principle of contemporary biology. It has fundamentally changed some traditional biological concepts, such as the concept of isolated individuality. Genome sequencing and high-throughput RNA analysis revealed important interactions between animals, plants and symbiotic microbes, breaking down hitherto unique boundaries of individual organisms and challenging the definitions of these disciplines. Symbiosis is not only a one-to-one mutualism, but actually a continuous symbiosis of multiple symbiosis modes. The discovery of new relationships, such as the symbiosis triangle of plant-insect- microorganism interaction and the multi-partite consortium of mycorrhizomates-fungus-endophytic bacteria- plants, has pushed the life science to the direction of rapid development. These scientific advances have not only broadened horizons that are vital to the study of genetics, immunology, evolution, development, anatomy and physiology of the biological sciences, but also have a positive impact on the research and development of biological agents in agriculture, the management and regulation of the human microbiome, and the design and management of fermented food and industrial microbial production.