Direct and indirect photodynamic therapy effects on the cellular and molecular components of the tumor microenvironment |
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Authors: | Laura Milla Sanabria,Matí as Exequiel Rodrí guez,Ingrid Sol Cogno,Natalia Belé n Rumie Vittar,Marí a Florencia PansaMarí a Julia Lamberti,Viviana Alicia Rivarola |
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Affiliation: | Department of Molecular Biology, National University of Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto (5800), Córdoba, Argentina |
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Abstract: | Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel cancer treatment. It involves the activation of a photosensitizer (PS) with light of specific wavelength, which interacts with molecular oxygen to generate singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to tumor cell death. When a tumor is treated with PDT, in addition to affect cancer cells, the extracellular matrix and the other cellular components of the microenvironment are altered and finally this had effects on the tumor cells survival. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in the availability of nutrients and oxygen in the different regions of a tridimensional tumor has a strong impact on the sensitivity of cells to PDT. In this review, we summarize how PDT affects indirectly to the tumor cells, by the alterations on the extracellular matrix, the cell adhesion and the effects over the immune response. Also, we describe direct PDT effects on cancer cells, considering the intratumoral role that autophagy mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) has on the efficiency of the treatment. |
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Keywords: | ALA, aminolevulinic acid bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor BPD-MA, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A CHS, contact hypersensitivity DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern DC, dendritic cell EC, endothelial cell ECM, extracellular matrix HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor HSP, heat shock protein HpE, hematoporphyrin ester ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule Me-ALA, methyl-aminolevulinic acid mTHPC, meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin MMP, matrix metalloproteinase PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor PDT, photodynamic therapy PLGF, placenta-like growth factor PRR, pattern-recognition receptor PS, photosensitizer ROS, reactive oxygen species SCID, severe combined immunodeficient TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor |
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