基于民族生态学视角的哈尼梯田农业生态系统水资源管理

作为山地农业的典型模式之一,哈尼梯田以其悠久历史和文化景观成为世界文化遗产和全球重要农业文化遗产。哈尼梯田农业生态系统的成功之处在于有效的水资源管理,但对其制度建设和生态文化内涵的综合分析尚待完善。基于民族生态学视角,结合生态学、民族学等自然科学和社会科学的理论与方法,对哈尼梯田水资源管理的制度建设及其生态文化内涵进行解读。研究表明,哈尼族社区通过以涵养和分配为核心的水资源管理制度建设完美地解决了水资源时空分布不均这一难题,而以迁徙文化、宗教文化、习惯法以及传统知识为支柱构建的生态文化体系则是保障水资源管理制度建设和有效实施的生态文化内涵。哈尼梯田水资源管理的制度建设与生态文化理念对于应对气候变化、促进农业可持续发展以及完善我国的水资源管理制度理论体系具有重要的借鉴价值。

Water resource management in the Hani Rice Terraces agro-ecosystem from an ethnoecological perspective

The Hani Rice Terraces represents a typical model of mountain agriculture and is successfully listed in UNESCO World Culture Heritage and the FAO Global Important Agricultural Heritage Systems due to their long history and effect on the cultural landscape. A number of previous studies showed that the success of the Hani Rice Terraces agro-ecosystem lies in the effective management of its water resources. However, there has not been a composite analysis of the institutional construction and ecological cultural connotations of water resource management in the Hani Rice Terraces agro-ecosystem. Based on an ethnoecological perspective, we undertook an analysis that combined the theories and methods of ecology and ethnology, etc. The results indicated that a water resource management system consisting of two core elements:conservation and distribution of the water resource, was key to solving the temporal and spatially uneven distribution of the water resource. Furthermore, an ecological culture institution supported by migration culture, religious culture, customary law, and traditional knowledge revealed the ecological cultural connotation that guaranteed the building and implementation of a management system for the water resource. This study can provide valuable experience on how to adapt to climate change, to promote the sustainable development of agriculture in other areas, and to improve theoretical water resources management systems in China.