哺乳动物精浆胞外囊泡及各组分的功能

精浆胞外囊泡是一种存在于精浆的膜性囊泡，按分泌器官分为附睾小体和前列腺小体。囊泡可与精子细胞膜发生融合，通过传递内容物或介导信号通路进而调节精子功能。它含有多种活性物质，其中蛋白质组分可影响精子活力以及顶体反应，并有清除损伤精子和促进细胞粘附的作用；脂质组分具有调节靶细胞质膜稳定性的作用；核酸组分主要参与免疫反应、跨代遗传及男性不育；离子则是多种酶的辅助因子，在调节酶活性和精浆微环境中发挥重要作用。不同组分对精子功能的影响不尽相同，本文将对此方面的研究进展进行详尽的综述，以期为该领域相关研究人员提供一定的参考。

Functions of Seminal Extracellular Vesicle and its Components in Mammalians

Seminal extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles that are secreted in semen. According to the secretion organ, EVs are usually classified into epididymosomes and prostasomes. EVs may fuse with the sperm membrane, thus regulating sperm activities by conveying their contents to the sperm recipient or by activating signaling pathways. They carry a range of biologically active substances, which have different effects on sperm. A variety of proteins have been identified in seminal EVs, and many have been shown to affect sperm motility and acrosome reaction, and participate in clearance of impaired sperm cells and cell-cell adhesions. Lipids in seminal EVs modulate sperm cell membrane fluidity, while nucleic acids mediate the immune response, trans-generational transmission as well as male infertility. Ions in seminal EVs serve as co-factors for several enzymes, playing important roles in regulating enzyme activity and the seminal microenvironment. This article will review the function of seminal EVs as well as their associated contents. We aim to provide a reference for future research.