间充质干细胞来源的外泌体的特性及其在疾病治疗中的作用

外泌体(exosomes)是细胞主动向外环境中分泌的纳米囊泡结构，通常直径在100纳米以下。外泌体是来源细胞与靶细胞之间的物质交换和信息交流的新型载体，可以携带效应分子直接被周围细胞摄取或经血液循环至全身，在正常的生理过程或疾病的发生发展中发挥精细的调控作用。作为一种旁分泌介质，间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell, MSC）来源的外泌体(MSC-exosomes)能够起到与干细胞相似的生理作用。MSC-exosomes所携带的生物活性蛋白质、脂质及DNA、mRNA和非编码RNA等生物活性物质，可能是MSC发挥治疗作用的重要机制之一。本文针对外泌体的生物学来源和近年来MSC-exosomes的标志物与特异性内容物在产生释放、提取鉴定和生物学功能等方面的研究，以及未来的应用前景进行综述，有利于研究者们在该领域开展更深入的研究。

Characteristics of Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Exosomes are nano-vesicular structures that are actively secreted to the external environment by cells. In common, the diameter of the exosomes is below 100 nm. It is a new type of carriers for material exchange and information communication between original cells and target cells. Exosomes can be taken up by the surrounding cells directly or through the blood circulation to reach everywhere of the body. Exosomes play a regulatory role in both normal physiological processes and disease occurrence and progression. As a kind of paracrine mediator, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-exosomes) could play physiological roles similar to that of stem cells. Bioactive proteins, lipids and bioactive substances, such as DNA, mRNA and non-coding RNA carried by exosomes may have the same functions as the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs. In this review, we mainly summarize the origin and release, extraction and identification, biological functions and future prospect of MSC-exosomes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of MSC-exosomes, which would be helpful for further research in this field.