Salidroside attenuates neuroinflammation and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury through microglia polarization regulation |
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Authors: | Chenggui Wang Qingqing Wang Yiting Lou Jianxiang Xu Zhenhua Feng Yu Chen Qian Tang Gang Zheng Zengjie Zhang Yaosen Wu Naifeng Tian Yifei Zhou Huazi Xu Xiaolei Zhang |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China;2. Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China;3. Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, China |
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Abstract: | Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disease; however, few drugs have been proved to treat SCI effectively. Neuroinflammation is the major pathogenesis of SCI secondary injury and considered to be the therapeutic target of SCI. Salidroside (Sal) has been reported to exert anti‐inflammatory effects in airway, adipose and myocardial tissue; however, the role of Sal in SCI therapeutics has not been clarified. In this study, we showed that Sal could improve the functional recovery of spinal cord in rats as revealed by increased BBB locomotor rating scale, angle of incline, and decreased cavity of spinal cord injury and apoptosis of neurons in vivo. Immunofluorescence double staining of microglia marker and M1/M2 marker demonstrated that Sal could suppress M1 microglia polarization and activate M2 microglia polarization in vivo. To verify how Sal exerts its effects on microglia polarization and neuron protection, we performed the mechanism study in vitro in microglia cell line BV‐2 and neuron cell line PC12. The results showed that Sal prevents apoptosis of PC12 cells in coculture with LPS‐induced M1 BV‐2 microglia, also the inflammatory secretion phenotype of M1 BV‐2 microglia was suppressed by Sal, and further studies demonstrated that autophagic flux regulation through AMPK/mTOR pathway was involved in Sal regulated microglia polarization after SCI. Overall, our study illustrated that Sal could promote spinal cord injury functional recovery in rats, and the mechanism may relate to its microglia polarization modulation through AMPK‐/mTOR‐mediated autophagic flux stimulation. |
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Keywords: | salidroside spinal cord injury microglia M1 polarization M2 polarization autophagic flux
AMPK
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