New insights into CD4+ T cell abnormalities in systemic sclerosis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;2. Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;3. Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;4. Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;5. Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging: Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;6. Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;1. Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France;2. Laboratoire d''immunologie biologique, Hôpital Cochin, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, AP-HP, 75679 Paris cedex 14, France;1. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 8ST, United Kingdom;2. Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA |
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| Abstract: | Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that is characterized by vasculopathy and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which causes fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and eventually leads to multiorgan dysfunction. Studies have shown that CD4+ T cell activation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of scleroderma because activated T cells can release various cytokines, resulting in inflammation, microvascular damage and fibrosis. T helper cell 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cell activities are a hallmark SSc, as Th17-type cytokines can induce both inflammation and fibrosis. More recently, several studies have reported new T cell subsets, including Th9 and Th22 cells, along with their respective cytokines in the peripheral blood, serum and skin lesions of individuals with SSc. Herein, we review recent data on various CD4+ T helper cell subsets in SSc, and discuss potential roles of these cells in promoting inflammation and fibrosis. |
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| Keywords: | Systemic Sclerosis Th17 cells Treg cells Th9 cells Th22 cells |
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