T helper 2 and T follicular helper cells: Regulation and function of interleukin-4 |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;2. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX, USA;3. Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA;1. Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;2. Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;3. Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;4. Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;5. Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan;6. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA;7. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA;1. Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany;2. Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;3. Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France;4. University Hospital Freiburg, Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, Freiburg, Germany;5. Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France;1. Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;2. Cell Innovator Inc, Fukuoka, Japan;3. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;4. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;5. Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy;6. Department of Internal Medicine, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan;7. Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan;8. Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan;9. Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;10. Dento-craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Type 2 immunity is characterized by expression of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can function in mediating protective immunity in the host or possess a pathogenic role. T helper (Th) 2 cells have emerged to play a beneficial role in mediating anti-parasitic immunity and are also known to be key players in mediating allergic diseases. In addition to the Th2 cells, recent studies have identified T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as an alternative source of IL-4 to regulate type 2 humoral immune responses, indicating that Th2 and Tfh cells exhibit overlapping phenotypical and functional characteristics. Th2 and Tfh cells appear to utilize distinct mechanisms for regulation of IL-4 expression; however unlike Th2 cells, the regulation and function of Tfh-derived IL-4 is not yet fully understood. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms for IL-4 expression and function in both cell subsets will be beneficial for the development of future therapeutic interventions. |
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