BMP morphogen gradients in flies |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;2. Institute for Research in Biomedicine, IRB Barcelona, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;1. Department of Genetics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;3. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA;4. Center for Genetics and Genomics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;5. Graduate Program in Diagnostic Genetics, School of Health Professions, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;6. Department of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;7. Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Scott Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;1. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;2. Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai''i, Honolulu, Hawai''i;3. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;4. University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida;1. Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;2. MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;1. The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK;1. MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;2. Gene Regulation and Expression Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK |
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| Abstract: | Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) act as morphogens to control patterning and growth in a variety of developing tissues in different species. How BMP morphogen gradients are established and interpreted in the target tissues has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster. In Drosophila, Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a homologue of vertebrate BMP2/4, acts as a morphogen to control dorsal–ventral patterning of the early embryo and anterior–posterior patterning and growth of the wing imaginal disc. Despite intensive efforts over the last twenty years, how the Dpp morphogen gradient in the wing imaginal disc forms remains controversial, while gradient formation in the early embryo is well understood. In this review, we first focus on the current models of Dpp morphogen gradient formation in these two tissues, and then discuss new strategies using genome engineering and nanobodies to tackle open questions. |
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| Keywords: | Morphogen Dpp Growth and patterning Nanobody Genome engineering |
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