Design of lymphedema ultrasound phantom with 3D-printed patient-specific subcutaneous anatomy: A-mode analysis approach for early diagnosis |
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| Institution: | 1. Rehabilitation Clinic, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang Korea, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea;2. Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;1. Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan;2. Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;3. Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, Hospital East, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;4. Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital East, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;1. Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS) Protontherapy Department, Trento, Italy;2. Università degli studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Roma, Italy;3. INFN-TIFPA, Trento, Italy;1. Dip. Fisica, Sapienza Univ. di Roma, Roma, Italy;2. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico de Valparaso-CCTVal, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Chile;3. Dip. Neurochirurgia, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy;4. INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy;5. Divisione di Medicina Nucleare, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, Italy;6. Dip. Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Univ. di Roma, Roma, Italy;7. Unità Ricerca sulle Radiazioni, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, Italy;8. Servizio Fisica Sanitaria, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, Italy;9. Trial Activation and Reporting - Data Management – Clinical Trial Office Direzione Scientifica, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, Italy;10. Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche ”E. Fermi”, Roma, Italy;11. Unità Produzione Radiofarmaci, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, Italy;12. U.O. Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy;1. Department of Radiation Convergence Engineering, Research Institute of Health Science, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon 220-710, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon 220-710, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;2. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA;3. Medical Physics Program, Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA;4. National Physical Laboratory, Delhi, India;5. Division of Biological & Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India;6. Nanomedicine Science and Technology Center, Northeastern University, USA |
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| Abstract: | The secondary lymphedema is mostly caused due to injury of lymphatic system during cancer treatment and its psychological and cosmetic issues are very critical for patients since it can cause severe thickening and swelling of lesions, mostly upper and lower limbs. Therefore, early diagnosis of the secondary lymphedema is more important to treat the symptoms in advance. The amplitude-mode (A-mode) ultrasound is suggested as an early diagnostic modality because it is relatively more cost-effective, portable, and easy to use than other previous diagnostic modalities. In order to see features of the A-mode ultrasound forearly diagnosis of lymphedema, ultrasound lymphedema phantoms were designed and fabricated with patient-specific subcutaneous honeycomb structures at the sub-stages of the international society of lymphedema (ISL) stage II and gelatin- or gelatin-salt based phantom materials. The patent-specific honeycomb structures were segmented from computed tomography (CT) venography images using various image process technologies and printed using a three dimensional (3D) printer for which its printing material shows similar acoustic impedance range with human subcutaneous tissues. The lymphedema phantoms showed similar subcutaneous anatomical features to those of patient's imagesin brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound examination, and acoustic information originated from the stage-specific honeycomb structures was well represented in A-mode ultrasound examination. In particular, the A-mode wave form well represented stage-specific honeycomb information even with higher impedance value of fibrous fat region. Such stage-specific wave form information of A-mode ultrasound for the corresponding stage-specific lymphedema phantoms at the ISL stage II can be useful for further development of an A-mode ultrasound applications for early diagnosis of the secondary lymphedema. |
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