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Investigation of the XCAT phantom as a validation tool in cardiac MRI tracking algorithms |
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| Institution: | 2. Klinik für Radio-Onkologie, Universitäts Spital Zürich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland;3. Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany;4. Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany;5. University of Lübeck, Institute for Robotic and Cognitive Systems, Lübeck, Germany;11. Med. Klinik m.S. Kardiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;12. Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Elektrophysiologie und Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany;1. Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Saint-Priest-En-Jarez, F-42270, France;2. INSERM-IADI, U947, Vand?uvre lès-Nancy, F-54500, France;3. Centre Eugène Marquis, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rennes, F-35000, France;4. INSERM-LTSI, U1099, Rennes, F-35000, France;5. Rennes University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Rennes, F-35000, France;1. Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA;2. Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, AB, Calgary, Canada;3. Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Canada;4. Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA |
| Abstract: | PurposeTo describe our magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) simulated implementation of the 4D digital extended cardio torso (XCAT) phantom to validate our previously developed cardiac tracking techniques. Real-time tracking will play an important role in the non-invasive treatment of atrial fibrillation with MRI-guided radiosurgery. In addition, to show how quantifiable measures of tracking accuracy and patient-specific physiology could influence MRI tracking algorithm design.MethodsTwenty virtual patients were subjected to simulated MRI scans that closely model the proposed real-world scenario to allow verification of the tracking technique’s algorithm. The generated phantoms provide ground-truth motions which were compared to the target motions output from our tracking algorithm. The patient-specific tracking error, ep, was the 3D difference (vector length) between the ground-truth and algorithm trajectories. The tracking errors of two combinations of new tracking algorithm functions that were anticipated to improve tracking accuracy were studied. Additionally, the correlation of key physiological parameters with tracking accuracy was investigated.ResultsOur original cardiac tracking algorithm resulted in a mean tracking error of 3.7 ± 0.6 mm over all virtual patients. The two combinations of tracking functions demonstrated comparable mean tracking errors however indicating that the optimal tracking algorithm may be patient-specific.ConclusionsCurrent and future MRI tracking strategies are likely to benefit from this virtual validation method since no time-resolved 4D ground-truth signal can currently be derived from purely image-based studies. |
| Keywords: | Tracking evaluation Digital phantom Cardiac tracking MRI-guided radiotherapy AF"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0030"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"atrial fibrillation AP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0040"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"anterior posterior DICOM"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0050"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine ECG"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0060"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"electrocardiogram FLASH"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0070"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"fast low-angle shot LA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0080"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"left atrium LR"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0090"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"left right MRI"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0100"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"magnetic resonance imaging MRI-linac"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0110"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"MRI linear accelerator SI"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0120"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"superior inferior TrueFISP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0130"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"fast steady-state free precession XCAT"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0140"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"4D digital extended cardio torso |
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