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Spiroplasma species in the Costa Rican highlands: implications for biogeography and biodiversity |
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| Authors: | Robert F Whitcomb Joseph G Tully Gail E Gasparich Laura B Regassa David L Williamson Frank E French | ||
| Institution: | 1. Vegetable Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA 6. P.O. Box 1148, Patagonia, AZ, 85624, USA 7. P.O. Box 3072, Elkins, WV, 26241, USA 2. Mycoplasma Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA 3. Department of Biology, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA 4. Department of Biology and Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA 5. Department of Anatomical Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA |
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| Abstract: | More than 1,000 Spiroplasma isolates have been obtained from horse flies and deer flies (Diptera:Tabanidae) in the United States and Canada. However, the spiroplasma biota of Central America is poorly known. In August of 1995 and
1998, 13 isolates were obtained in 14 attempts from horse flies of a single species, Poeciloderas quadripunctatus, taken in the Costa Rican highlands (1,100–2,000 m). The majority of the “isolates” proved to be mixtures of two or more
Spiroplasma species, but after filter cloning, single strains emerged that were designated as representatives of the 13 accessions. Six
distinct spiroplasma serogroups were identified from these isolations. Three of the strains are putative new species with
no serological relationship to any other Spiroplasma species. A fourth strain is a putative new species that may be distantly related to S. helicoides, a southeastern U.S. species. These four strains are accorded herein status as representatives of new serogroups: strain
BARC 4886 (group XXXV); strain BARC 4900 (group XXXVI); strain BARC 4908 (group XXXVII); and GSU5450 (group XXXVIII). A fifth
Spiroplasma species was very closely related to S. lineolae, known previously only from the Georgia (U.S.) coast. The sixth was most closely related to subgroup VIII-3, known from Texas
and the southeastern U.S. Discovery of six spiroplasma species in only 13 attempted isolations reflects diversity seldom equaled
in southeast Georgia, and never elsewhere in the U.S. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that spiroplasma diversity
increases from north (Nova Scotia) to south (Georgia and Costa Rica). The discovery of significant affinity between some spiroplasmas
of the southeastern U.S. and the Costa Rican highlands was unexpected, but may reflect a climatically complex Pleistocene
history.
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| Keywords: | Costa Rica Diversity Georgia Horse flies Latitude Spiroplasma Tabanidae | ||
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