Natural Occurrence of Aflatoxins from Maize in Iran

Fifty-one maize samples, intended for animal feed and human consumption, were collected from the four main maize production provinces in Iran and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for contamination by four naturally occurring aflatoxin analogues (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2). AFB1 was detected in 58.3, and 80% of the maize samples obtained from Kermanshah and Mazandaran provinces, respectively. The maximum AFB1 (276.3 μg/kg) and highest level of total aflatoxins (AFT) (316.9 μg/kg) were detected in a maize sample collected from Kermanshah province. The mean aflatoxin level from contaminated samples (52.60 μg/kg) from Kermanshah was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than those in maize from the other three provinces and exceeded all the maximum tolerated levels (MTLs) set for AFT in maize. The level of AFB1 in 15.68% of the total samples was above the MTL (5 μg/kg) for AFB1 in maize in Iran. The mean contamination level of AFT (23.86 μg/kg) in the positive samples was higher than MTL for maize in Iran (20 μg/kg) intended for animal feed. The levels of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 ranged between not detected (<0.1 μg/kg) and 276.3, 30.4, 9.1, and 1.1 μg/kg in maize grain, respectively.