The influence of cysteine and taurine on microscopic-oxidative stress parameters and fertilizing ability of bull semen following cryopreservation

Oxidative stress significantly damages sperm functions such as motility, functional integrity, endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and fertility due to lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of antioxidants such as taurine and cysteine in Bioxcell^® extender on standard semen parameters, fertilizing ability, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant activities comprising reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) after the cryopreservation/thawing of bull semen. Nine ejaculates for each bull were included in the study. Three groups, namely taurine (2 mM), cysteine (2 mM), and control, were designed to analyze the antioxidants in Bioxcell^®. Insemination doses were processed so that each 0.25-ml straw contained 15 × 10⁶ sperm.The addition of cysteine led to higher motility, compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). Cysteine showed a greater protective effect on the percentages of acrosome damage and total abnormalities in comparison to the other groups (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), following supplementation with antioxidants during the freeze-thawing process. No significant difference was observed in non-return rates among groups. In biochemical assays, the additives did not show effectiveness on the elimination of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and maintenance of GSH and GSH-Px activities, when compared to controls. CAT activity (35.1 ± 8.1 kU/g) was demonstrated to be significantly higher upon the addition of 2 mM taurine (P < 0.001), while the level of MDA increased, indicating oxidative stress in this group. SOD activity (21.4 ± 2.9 U/g protein) was significantly elevated in the group with cysteine, compared to the other groups (P < 0.001).