Geographic patterns of genetic differentiation and plumage colour variation are different in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) |
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| Authors: | PAULA K. LEHTONEN,TONI LAAKSONEN,§ § § ,ALEKSANDR V. ARTEMYEV&dagger ,EUGEN BELSKII&Dagger ,CHRISTIAAN BOTH§ ,STANISLAV BURE&# ¶ ,REY V. BUSHUEV,INDRIKIS KRAMS,&dagger &dagger ,JUAN MORENO&Dagger &Dagger ,MARKO MÄ GI§ § ,REAS NORD¶ ¶ ,JAIME POTTI,PIERRE-ALAIN RAVUSSIN&dagger &dagger &dagger ,PÄ IVI M. SIRKIÄ ,GLENN-PETER SÆ TRE&Dagger &Dagger &Dagger , CRAIG R. PRIMMER |
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| Affiliation: | Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland;, Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Science, 185610 Petrozavodsk, Russia;, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Russian Academy of Science, 620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia;, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands;, Laboratory of Ornithology, PalackýUniversity, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic;, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;, Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, 5400 Daugavpils, Latvia;, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain;, Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;, Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden;, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;, Rue du Theu, CH-1446 Baulmes, Switzerland;, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway |
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| Abstract: | The pied flycatcher is one of the most phenotypically variable bird species in Europe. The geographic variation in phenotypes has often been attributed to spatial variation in selection regimes that is associated with the presence or absence of the congeneric collared flycatcher. Spatial variation in phenotypes could however also be generated by spatially restricted gene flow and genetic drift. We examined the genetic population structure of pied flycatchers across the breeding range and applied the phenotypic Q ST ( P ST)– F ST approach to detect indirect signals of divergent selection on dorsal plumage colouration in pied flycatcher males. Allelic frequencies at neutral markers were found to significantly differ among populations breeding in central and southern Europe whereas northerly breeding pied flycatchers were found to be one apparently panmictic group of individuals. Pairwise differences between phenotypic ( P ST) and neutral genetic distances ( F ST) were positively correlated after removing the most differentiated Spanish and Swiss populations from the analysis, suggesting that genetic drift may have contributed to the observed phenotypic differentiation in some parts of the pied flycatcher breeding range. Differentiation in dorsal plumage colouration however greatly exceeded that observed at neutral genetic markers, which indicates that the observed pattern of phenotypic differentiation is unlikely to be solely maintained by restricted gene flow and genetic drift. |
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| Keywords: | colonization genetic differentiation microsatellites passerine birds phylogeography pigmentation P ST–FST |
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