Males, parthenogenesis, and the maintenance of anisogamous sex |
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| Authors: | M Krieber M R Rose |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland;2. Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;1. Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;2. College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;3. National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;1. Transgenesis Center of Excellence, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran;2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran;3. Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystrasse 10, Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany;1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA;2. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;3. Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA;4. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China;5. Pringle Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA |
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| Abstract: | The problem of the maintenance of anisogamous sex is addressed by considering the effect of fertilization on the fitness of parthenogenetic females when such fertilization yields inviable triploid progeny. We consider four types of parthenogenesis: (i) apomixis, (ii) homogametic amphimixis, (iii) heterogametic amphimixis, and (iv) homogametic automixis. Homozygous sexual populations are genetically stable if males or selection eliminate the excess females produced by heterozygous parthenogenetic genotypes. Homozygous parthenogenetic populations are stable if the parthenogenetic output of homozygotes exceeds that of heterozygotes. In turn, sex can only invade heterozygous parthenogenetic populations when sexual output of parthenogens is larger than their parthenogenetic output. The existence of interior stable equilibria generally requires the instability of at least one boundary and some degree of heterosis. In a two-locus model, we study the evolution of mechanisms protecting either sex or parthenogenesis in reproductively polymorphic populations. We find that males do not respond to the presence of parthenogenesis in such a way as to eliminate it, but parthenogenesis is subject to selective pressures increasing reproductive isolation, and thus the success of parthenogenesis. The results suggest that reproductively polymorphic populations are ephemeral. |
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