Assessment of the photosensitization properties of cationic porphyrins in interaction with DNA nucleotide pairs

We present a theoretical assessment of the photosensitization properties of meso-mono(N-methylpyridyl) triphenylporphyrin (1, MmPyP⁺), which interacts with DNA nucleotide pairs adenine (A)-thymine (T); guanine (G)-cytosine (C)] via an external binding mode. The photosensitization properties of the arrangements 1A, 1T, 1G and 1C were investigated. A set of density functionals (B3LYP, PBE0, CAM-B3LYP, M06-2X, B97D) with the 6-31G(d) basis set was used to calculate the electronic absorption spectra in solution (water) following TD-DFT methodology. In all the arrangements, with the exception of 1C, the functional PBE0 produced the lowest deviation of the Soret band (0.1–0.2 eV). Using this functional, we show that the porphyrin–nucleotide interaction is stabilized, as reflected by a larger HOMO–LUMO gap than free porphyrin. A more important effect of the interaction corresponds to the red-shift of the Soret band of MmPyP⁺, which is in agreement with experimental results. This behavior could be explained by the higher symmetry found in arrangements with a lower dipole moment, and by the more symmetrical distribution of electronic density along the molecular orbitals, which provokes electronic transitions of lower energy. The structural model allowed us to show that MmPyP⁺ improves the characteristics as a photosensitizer when it interacts with nucleotide pairs due to the longer wavelength required for the Soret band. Results obtained for porphyrins with larger monocationic substituents (2, MmAP+; 3, MONPP+) do not lead to the same behavior. Although the structural model is insufficient to describe porphyrin photosensitization, it suggests that improvements in this property are produced by the inclusion of a cationic charge in the pyridyl ring and a smaller size of the substituent leading to a better communication in the porphyrin–nucleotide pair.