Complexation of anthracycline drugs with DNA in the presence of caffeine

The competitive binding of anthracycline antitumour drugs, [daunomycin (DAU), doxorubicin (DOX) or nogalamycin (NOG)], with caffeine (CAF) to a model DNA oligomer has been investigated by 500 MHz ¹H NMR spectroscopy under physiological solution conditions. The method depends on the stepwise analysis of one-component (self-association), two-component (hetero-association and DNA complexation) and three-component interactions, in order to de-convolute the overall binding of the anthracycline antibiotic and CAF to DNA into two competing processes, viz. hetero-association of the antibiotic-CAF (‘interceptor’ action of CAF) and CAF–DNA complexation (‘protector’ action of CAF). It is found that the complexation of DAU with DNA in the presence of CAF is mainly affected by the CAF–DNA complexation, whereas the binding of either DOX or NOG to DNA is affected approximately equally by both the CAF–DNA complexation and CAF-antibiotic hetero-association. Quantitative evaluation of the three-component mixture of drug–CAF–DNA has enabled the proportion of the antibiotic displaced from DNA on addition of CAF to be calculated over a large range of CAF concentration, which may provide a quantitative basis for the change in anthracycline-related toxicity on addition of CAF.