High genetic differentiation between the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae in Africa |
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Authors: | Esnault Caroline Boulesteix Matthieu Duchemin Jean Bernard Koffi Alphonsine A Chandre Fabrice Dabiré Roch Robert Vincent Simard Frédéric Tripet Frédéric Donnelly Martin J Fontenille Didier Biémont Christian |
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Affiliation: | Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR 5558), CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France. |
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Abstract: | BackgroundAnopheles gambiae, a major vector of malaria, is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa. In an attempt to eliminate infective mosquitoes, researchers are trying to develop transgenic strains that are refractory to the Plasmodium parasite. Before any release of transgenic mosquitoes can be envisaged, we need an accurate picture of the differentiation between the two molecular forms of An. gambiae, termed M and S, which are of uncertain taxonomic status.Methodology/Principal FindingsInsertion patterns of three transposable elements (TEs) were determined in populations from Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, and Tanzania, using Transposon Display, a TE-anchored strategy based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. The results reveal a clear differentiation between the M and S forms, whatever their geographical origin, suggesting an incipient speciation process.Conclusions/SignificanceAny attempt to control the transmission of malaria by An. gambiae using either conventional or novel technologies must take the M/S genetic differentiation into account. In addition, we localized three TE insertion sites that were present either in every individual or at a high frequency in the M molecular form. These sites were found to be located outside the chromosomal regions that are suspected of involvement in the speciation event between the two forms. This suggests that these chromosomal regions are either larger than previously thought, or there are additional differentiated genomic regions interspersed with undifferentiated regions. |
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