Hormonal regulation of adult type keratin gene expression in larval epidermal cells of the frog Xenopus laevis

Triiodothyronin (T3) is known to induce amphibian metamorphosis but other hormones such as glucocorticoids accelerate T3 action. The increase in plasma concentration of both T3 and glucocorticoids during metamorphic climax is correlated with the transformation of the epidermis from larval type (uncornified) to adult type (cornified). Previously we have shown that T3 induced adult-type 63 Kd keratin gene expression and cornification of the larval epidermis. In this study, we have examined the effects of T3 and hydrocortisone (HC) on the conversion of larval to adult epidermal cells in vitro. When larval epidermal cells were treated with both T3 and HC, they had a synergistic effect on adult-type keratin synthesis (both 63 Kd and 49 Kd keratins) and epidermal cornification. The synergistic effect between T3 and HC required a pretreatment with T3 for 3 days. During this time, addition of HC to cultures containing T3 did not change the amount of 63 Kd keratin mRNA. Thus, HC did not reduce the lag time for epidermal cells to respond to T3. After 4 days of hormone treatment, T3 increased the amount of 63 Kd keratin mRNA 9-fold while T3 and HC induced it 18-fold. When cultures were pretreated with T3 for 3 days, a 1 day treatment with HC was sufficient to obtain the synergistic effect. Thus the induction of 63 Kd keratin gene expression by T3 required a much longer lag (3 days) than the lag required for the synergistic action of T3 and HC (less than 1 day).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)