Toxin content differs between life stages of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;2. CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia;1. Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, B105-04, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States;2. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States;3. National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States;1. University of Konstanz, Limnological Institute, Mainaustraße 252, 78464 Konstanz, Germany;2. Queen''s University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, United Kingdom;3. University of Cologne, Institute for Zoology, Zülpicherstraße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany;1. Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;2. College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;3. School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ningxia Normal University, Ningxia, Guyuan 756000, China;4. Department of Mathematics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Different life stages of two mating-compatible clones of the paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense Balech were separated using a combination of techniques; culturing and sampling methods were used to separate vegetative cells and gametes, and sorting flow cytometry was used to separate zygotes. PST profiles were significantly different between life stages; the two gonyautoxins GTX1 and 2 were present in vegetative and senescent cells, but disappeared from gametes and zygotes. Toxin-profile changes were shown to occur very quickly in both strains when pellicle cyst formation was induced by shaking (four minutes) followed by rinsing on a screen. These pellicle cysts produced from exponentially-growing, vegetative cells lost GTX1 and 2 completely. Rapid toxin epimerization of GTX1 to GTX4 and GTX2 to GTX3 is one possible explanation, although the biological advantage of this remains unclear. Another possible explanation is that during the mating phase of a bloom or when cells are disturbed, GTX1 and GTX2 are released into the surrounding water. It may be advantageous for a dinoflagellate bloom to be surrounded by free toxins in the water. |
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