Toxic Alexandrium peruvianum (Balech and de Mendiola) Balech and Tangen in Narragansett Bay,Rhode Island (USA) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA;2. Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-270, Republic of Korea;3. Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive # 0218, La Jolla/, CA 92093-0218, USA;1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA;2. Maine Department of Environmental Protection, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017, USA;3. Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;4. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA;1. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 East Pratt Street, Suite 236, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;2. University of Maryland, Baltimore, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;1. Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers, UMR 5119 CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, CC093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;2. Master of Coastal Resources Management, Diponegoro University, Jl. Imam Bardjo SH N° 5, Gedung Pascasarjana Lantai 3, Semarang 50241, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia;3. Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressource Morbihan-Pays de la Loire, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France;4. Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressource Languedoc-Roussillon, BP 171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France |
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| Abstract: | Phytoplankton monitoring in Wickford Cove, Rhode Island, US (41°34′10.13″N, 71°26′45.76″W), located in Narragansett Bay, detected an unusual species of Alexandrium in the spring of 2009. Thecal plate analysis using brightfield and SEM microscopy revealed a plate morphology consistent with that of Alexandrium peruvianum (Balech and de Mendiola) Balech and Tangen. Molecular analyses indicated that the sequences of the SSU, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and LSU through the D region of the 18S gene were similar to those of A. peruvianum from North Carolina. Toxin analyses of cells brought into culture revealed saxitoxins, gymnodimine and fast-acting spiroimines were present in the cultured clone. Saxitoxins detected included GTX 2, GTX3, B1, STX, C1 and C2. Also present in the Wickford cove isolates of A. peruvianum were 12-methyl gymnodimine and 13-desmethyl spirolide C. A. peruvianum was detected at four sites in lower Narragansett Bay: at two sites in Wickford and two sites in Jamestown, RI. A. peruvianum was observed in the spring of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 at maximum abundance levels ranging from tens of cells per liter to 14,000 cells L−1. The discovery of A. peruvianum in Rhode Island coastal waters, with its potential threat to public health, is notable as it appears to be an emergent bloom species globally. The presence of A. peruvianum in Narragansett Bay is the third confirmed observation of this species on the Atlantic coast of North America. Monitoring efforts in the southern New England region should incorporate measures to detect the presence of A. peruvianum toxins. |
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