Nocturnal dispersal by femaleAcarapis woodi in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

Comparisons were made between the infestation levels of the honey bee tracheal miteAcarapis woodi (Rennie) in newly emerged honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) exposed for 12 h during the daytime or nighttime in mite-infested bee colonies. Bees exposed during the night harbored a significantly higher number of mites (718) when compared with the daytime bees (88 mites) (n=14 day/night cycles utilizing 33 colonies). On 4 days of an 8-day study, three test colonies were closed during the daytime to eliminate foraging flights. Thus equal numbers of bees were present in the colonies during the day and night sample periods. These 4 flightless days were compared to 4 free-flight days and mite dispersal rates were not significantly different. Additionally, the movement of bees on the combs of four glass-walled observation hives was quantified on 10 days at 0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 and 0400 h. Bee movement at 2400 and 0400 h was significantly lower than the other observation times. Movement of host bees may be one factor involved in the increased nighttime mite dispersals. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the absence of foraging bees during the day reduces the bee to bee contact time, thus reducing mite dispersals between host bees. Differential diurnal activity levels between host bees and mite parasites was demonstrated. The exact role of host-bee behavior and/or mite behavior in the nighttime dispersal patterns observed, remains for further investigation.