Strong and stable geographic differentiation of swamp buffalo maternal and paternal lineages indicates domestication in the China/Indochina border region |
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| Authors: | Yi Zhang Yongfang Lu Marnoch Yindee Kuan‐Yi Li Hsiao‐Yun Kuo Yu‐Ten Ju Shaohui Ye Md Omar Faruque Qiang Li Yachun Wang Vu Chi Cuong Lan Doan Pham Bounthong Bouahom Bingzhuang Yang Xianwei Liang Zhihua Cai Dianne Vankan Wallaya Manatchaiworakul Nonglid Kowlim Somphot Duangchantrasiri Worawidh Wajjwalku Ben Colenbrander Yuan Zhang Peter Beerli Johannes A. Lenstra J. Stuart F. Barker |
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| Affiliation: | 1. National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;2. Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi, Thailand;3. Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;4. Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Tainan, Taiwan;5. College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China;6. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh;7. Key Laboratory of Animal Cell Technology, National Institute of Animal Sciences, Tu Liem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;8. National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Vientiane Capital, Lao P.D.R;9. Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanning, China;10. College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China;11. The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld, Australia;12. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand;13. Khao‐Nang‐Ram Wildlife Research Station, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand;14. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;15. Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA;16. School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia |
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| Abstract: | The swamp type of the Asian water buffalo is assumed to have been domesticated by about 4000 years BP, following the introduction of rice cultivation. Previous localizations of the domestication site were based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation within China, accounting only for the maternal lineage. We carried out a comprehensive sampling of China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh and sequenced the mtDNA Cytochrome b gene and control region and the Y‐chromosomal ZFY, SRY and DBY sequences. Swamp buffalo has a higher diversity of both maternal and paternal lineages than river buffalo, with also a remarkable contrast between a weak phylogeographic structure of river buffalo and a strong geographic differentiation of swamp buffalo. The highest diversity of the swamp buffalo maternal lineages was found in south China and north Indochina on both banks of the Mekong River, while the highest diversity in paternal lineages was in the China/Indochina border region. We propose that domestication in this region was later followed by introgressive capture of wild cows west of the Mekong. Migration to the north followed the Yangtze valley as well as a more eastern route, but also involved translocations of both cows and bulls over large distances with a minor influence of river buffaloes in recent decades. Bayesian analyses of various migration models also supported domestication in the China/Indochina border region. Coalescence analysis yielded consistent estimates for the expansion of the major swamp buffalo haplogroups with a credibility interval of 900 to 3900 years BP. The spatial differentiation of mtDNA and Y‐chromosomal haplotype distributions indicates a lack of gene flow between established populations that is unprecedented in livestock. |
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| Keywords: |
Bubalus bubalis
migration models mitochondrial DNA Y‐chromosomal sequences |
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