Codon usage in histone gene families of higher eukaryotes reflects functional rather than phylogenetic relationships

Summary The nucleic acid sequences coding for 23 H3 histone genes from a variety of species have been analyzed using a computer assisted alignment and analysis program. Although these histones are highly conserved within and between highly divergent species, they represent various classes of histones whose patterns of expression are distinctively regulated. Surprisingly, in dendrograms derived from these comparisons, H3 sequences cluster according to their modes of regulation rather than phylogenetically. These clusters are generated from highly distinctive patterns of codon usage within the functional gene classes. We suggest that one factor involved in specifying the differing codon usage patterns between functional classes is a difference in requirements for rapid translation of mRNA. In addition, the data presented here, together with structural and sequence information, suggest a heterodox evolutionary model in which genes related to the intron-bearing, basally expressed H3.3 vertebrate genes are the ancestors of the intronless H3. 1 class of genes of higher eukaryotes. The H3. 1 class must have arisen, therefore, following duplication of a primitive H3.3 gene, but prior to the plant-animal divergence. Implications of the data presented are discussed with regard to functional and evolutionary relationships.