Tick salivary secretion as a source of antihemostatics |
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Authors: | Chmelar Jindrich Calvo Eric Pedra Joao H F Francischetti Ivo M B Kotsyfakis Michail |
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Affiliation: | Division of Vascular Inflammation, Diabetes and Kidney, Department of Medicine and Institute of Physiology, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany. |
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Abstract: | Ticks are mostly obligatory blood feeding ectoparasites that have an impact on human and animal health. In addition to direct damage due to feeding, some tick species serve as the vectors for the causative agents of several diseases, such as the spirochetes of the genus Borrelia causing Lyme disease, the virus of tick-borne encephalitis, various Rickettsial pathogens or even protozoan parasites like Babesia spp. Hard ticks are unique among bloodfeeders because of their prolonged feeding period that may last up to two weeks. During such a long period of blood uptake, the host develops a wide range of mechanisms to prevent blood loss. The arthropod ectoparasite, in turn, secretes saliva in the sites of bite that assists blood feeding. Indeed, tick saliva represents a rich source of proteins with potent pharmacologic action that target different mechanisms of coagulation, platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Tick adaptation to their vertebrate hosts led to the inclusion of a powerful protein armamentarium in their salivary secretion that has been investigated by high-throughput methods. The resulting knowledge can be exploited for the isolation of novel antihemostatic agents. Here we review the tick salivary antihemostatics and their characterized functions at the molecular and cellular levels. |
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Keywords: | aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time BmGTI, Boophilus microplus gut thrombin inhibitor BmTI-A, Boophilus microplus trypsin inhibitor-A BPTI, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor BTSP, basic tail‐secreted proteins FIX, coagulation factor IX fMLP, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-proline FV, coagulation factor V FVII, coagulation factor VII FVIIa, activated coagulation factor VII FVIII, coagulation factor VIII FX, coagulation factor X FXa, activated coagulation factor X FXI, coagulation factor XI FXII, coagulation factor XII HBP, histamine‐binding protein HRF, histamine‐releasing factor Ir-CPI, Ixodes ricinus contact phase inhibitor IRIS, Ixodes ricinus immunosuppressant IRS-2, Ixodes ricinus serpin-2 NR, non reduntant NTI, nymphal thrombin inhibitor PAF, platelet aggregation factor PAR, protease-activated receptor PGE2, prostaglandin E2 PGs, prostaglandins G PT, prothrombin time RGD motif, arginine-glycine-aspartate motif RSL, reactive site loop Salp14, salivary protein 14 SGE, salivary gland extract SGs, salivary glands TAI, tick adhesion inhibitor TAP, tick anticoagulant protein TF, tissue factor TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor TSGP, tick salivary gland protein TT, thrombin time TXA2, thromboxane A2 Xase, tenase complex |
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