气候变化对野生生物类自然保护区的影响及其风险

自然保护区是禁止开发区域、生态保护红线、自然保护地等生态功能重要地区的核心组成部分,在保护生物多样性、保障国家生态安全中居于重要地位。在生态文明体系加快构建、人类活动不利影响逐渐得到遏制的背景下,气候变化及其影响将成为自然保护区建设和管理面临的主要挑战。鉴于此,分析和总结了气候变化对野生生物的影响,剖析了气候变化对野生生物类自然保护区的风险,以期为协同推进自然保护区管理与应对气候变化工作、建立完善国土空间规划体系和自然保护地体系的自然保护区管理制度等提供科学依据。结果表明,气候变化对野生动植物物种分布、生物物候、种间关系的影响更加凸显,加剧了物种灭绝风险;气候变化影响特别是气候变化引起的物种适应性迁移,将对以相对固定的空间布局、保护边界、功能分区为主要特征的自然保护区建设和管理模式提出新的挑战,使得野生生物类自然保护区保护对象、保护功能等面临风险,形成自然保护区气候变化风险;而且当前自然保护区优化调整仍然滞后于气候变化影响,将进一步加剧自然保护区气候变化风险。

Effect and risk of climate change on wildlife nature reserves

As the main part of no-development regions, ecological redlines and protected areas, nature reserves play an important role in biodiversity conservation and nationally ecological security. Under the background of notable progress in building an ecological civilization, efforts to develop a system for building an ecological civilization have been accelerated, the adverse effects of human activities have been curbed gradually, while climate change and its impact will turn into the main challenge for the development and management of the nature reserves. In view of this, effects on wildlife resulted from climate change were analyzed and summarized, the risk of wildlife nature reserves resulted from climate change was dissected, so as to provide scientific basis for synergistic promotion between nature reserve management and coping with climate change, and improvement of nature reserve management systems under the territorially spatial planning system and protected area system. The results showed that effects of climate change on species distribution, biological phenology and interspecific relationship of wild animals and plants were more prominent, which exacerbated the risk of species extinction. Effects of climate change, especially the adaptive migration of species caused by climate change, will challenge the development and management mode of the nature reserves with relatively fixed spatial layout, protection boundary and functional zoning as the main characteristics, which make the protected objects and protected functions of wild biological nature reserves facing risks, and result in risks on nature reserves. At present, adjustments to spatial layout, protection boundary and functional zoning of nature reserves still lag behind the impact of climate change, which will further aggravate the risk of climate change in the nature reserves.