堇菜属组间的系统发育与亲缘关系：基于trnL-trnF、psbA-trnH、rpL16、ITS序列,细胞学以及形态学证据

以鼠鞭草（Hybanthus enneaspermus）、鳞隔堇（Scyphellandra pierrei）、雷诺木（Rinorea benga-lensis）作为外类群,对堇菜属（Viola）20个类群的trnL-trnF序列,17个类群的psbA-trnH、rpL16序列以及1个类群的nrDNAITS序列进行了测定,并从GenBank下载相应的序列,运用最大简约法以及贝叶斯推论法进行系统分析,构建系统发育树。结果表明：堇菜亚属（subgen. Viola）不是一个单系类群,并明确了堇菜属部分组间类群的亲缘关系。本文还结合形态与细胞学证据对堇菜属进行性状演化的推测。结果表明：1）直立茎较匍匐茎、莲座状茎（叶基生）原始;2）托叶边缘长流苏状与托叶1/2～3/4合生分别是鸟嘴柱头堇菜组（sect. Trigonocarpae）和合生托叶组（sect. Adnatae）演化路线的重要性状标志;3）花柱样式从柱头无喙演化至柱头有喙,并由柱头简单演化至柱头复杂,再趋向于柱头简化。

Infrageneric Phylogeny of the Genus Viola (Violaceae) Based on trnL-trnF, psbA-trnH, rpL16, ITS Sequences, Cytological and Morphological Data

The sequences of chloroplast trnL-trnF （20 species）,psbA-trnH（17 species）,rpL16 （17 species） and ITS（one species） regions of the genus Viola were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships in the genus with the maximum parsimony （MP） and Bayesian inference （BI） analyses. Hybanthus enneaspermus,Scyphellandra pierrei and Rinorea bengalensis were used as outgroups. Additional sequences corresponding to the same DNA regions for the other taxa in Viola were downloaded from GenBank. The phylogenetic tree indicated that subgen.Viola is not monophyletic. Moreover,some intrageneric relationships in Viola were clarified. Combining sequences with morphological characters and chromosome number,the inference of morphological evolution in Viola was put forward. It was inferred that：1） erect stems might well be more primitive than stolons and rosettes; 2） long fimbriate margin in stipules and stipules with 1/2-3/4 adnate part might represent distinctive evolutionary trends of sect.Trigonocarpae and of sect.Adnatae respectively; 3） species with stigmatic beaks might have been derived from ancestors without beaks; simple structure stigmas transformed into complex structure stigmas,and then transformed back to simple stucture patterns.