Temperature tolerances of toxic dinoflagellate cysts: application to the treatment of ships' ballast water |
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Authors: | Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff Joseph P. Valentine Judith-Anne Marshall Christopher J. Bolch |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252–55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia |
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Abstract: | Using toxic dinoflagellates and their resistant resting cysts as model organisms, we demonstrate the potential of heat treatment as a method to minimise the transport of harmful aquatic organisms via ships' ballast water. Vegetative dinoflagellate cultures of Gymnodinium catenatum could be readily killed using temperatures as low as 35 °C and treatment times in the range 30 minutes to 5 h. The resistant resting cysts (hypnozygotes) of G. catenatum were killed after 2 h at 35 °C and the cysts of Alexandrium catenella were killed after 4.5 h at 38 °C . A careful assessment of various waste heat sources on the BHP bulk carrier Iron Whyalla has confirmed the practicability of this approach, and a successful pilot heat treatment plant was trialled on-board ship in April 1997. |
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Keywords: | toxic dinoflagellates temperature tolerance ballast water |
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